An JH, Kim YJ, Kim KJ, et al. View abstract. 2013;38(1):31-41. View abstract. Sima AAF, Calvani M, Mehra M, et al. Most people tolerate L-carnitine well. De Vivo DC, Bohan TP, Coulter DL, et al. View abstract. 2008;23(7):1602-1606. Benefits of L-carnitine. J.Mazandaran Univ.Med.Sci. L-acetylcarnitine in depressed elderly subjects. Malaguarnera, M., Gargante, M. P., Cristaldi, E., Vacante, M., Risino, C., Cammalleri, L., Pennisi, G., and Rampello, L. Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Neuropharmacol. View abstract. December 1999. View abstract. View abstract. Naturally produced in the body, acetyl-L-carnitine is also widely available in drugstores, supermarkets and health food catalogs as a . Nutrients 2020;12(11):3371. View abstract. View abstract. Karimi, M., Mohammadi, F., Behmanesh, F., Samani, S. M., Borzouee, M., Amoozgar, H., and Haghpanah, S. Effect of combination therapy of hydroxyurea with l-carnitine and magnesium chloride on hematologic parameters and cardiac function of patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia. Kumar, R., Gautam, G., and Gupta, N. P. Drug therapy for idiopathic male infertility: rationale versus evidence. Gesuete, V., Ragni, L., and Picchio, F. M. [The "big heart" of carnitine]. Heart complications (such as irregular heartbeat and heart failure). J Inherit.Metab Dis 2006;29(2-3):288-298. Long-term treatment with L-carnitine in uremic patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis: effects on the lipid pattern. Am.J Emerg.Med. Klin.Wochenschr 12-15-1988;66(24):1202-1211. 1999; Mitwalli, A. H., Al-Wakeel, J. S., Alam, A., Tarif, N., Abu-Aisha, H., Rashed, M., and Al, Nahed N. L-carnitine supplementation in hemodialysis patients. Malaguarnera, M., Vacante, M., Giordano, M., Pennisi, G., Bella, R., Rampello, L., Malaguarnera, M., Li, Volti G., and Galvano, F. Oral acetyl-L-carnitine therapy reduces fatigue in overt hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. View abstract. B. Pediatrics 1998;101:E9 (abstract). Med Sci Sports Exerc. Depression, forgetfulness, "brain fog", and dark circles under the eyes are other common symptoms of AFS. Many studies show that eating eggs regularly can improve health. Novel mutation of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase gene in a Thai infant with methylmalonic acidemia (mut0). Am Heart J 2000;139:S120-3. Orlando G and Rusconi C. Oral L-carnitine in the treatment of chronic cardiac ischaemia in elderly patients. Effects of L-carnitine on leukocyte function and viability in hemodialysis patients: A double-blind randomized trial. Musso, G., Gambino, R., Cassader, M., and Pagano, G. A meta-analysis of randomized trials for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Spagnoli A, Lucca U, Menasce G, et al. Saudi.J Kidney Dis Transpl. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. J Am Coll Nutr. Gynecol Endocrinol 2019;35(8):701-5. doi: 10.1080/09513590.2019.1576622. 2010;15(2):200-211. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. L-carnitine may aid weight loss. 1. One 12-month study observed a reduction in heart failure and deaths among participants who took L-carnitine supplements (42). 2011;17(7):H55-H59. View abstract. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1988;26:217-20. 2013 Sep;67(7):659-63. 2-15-1981;96(3):263-270. Bipolar.Disord. View abstract. 1993;142(2):155-159. View abstract. 2003;23(5):270-277. L-carnitine is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative thats often taken as a supplement. There have been a few studies on acetyl-L-carnitine's use as a treatment. Lynch, K. E., Feldman, H. I., Berlin, J. B., Karall, D., de, Klerk H., Knerr, I., Koch, H. G., Plecko, B., Roschinger, W., Schwab, K. O., Scheible, D., Wijburg, F. A., Zschocke, J., Mayatepek, E., and Wendel, U. Sood, A., Barton, D. L., Bauer, B. Ohtani Y, Endo F, Matsuda I. Carnitine deficiency and hyperammonemia associated with valproic acid therapy. View abstract. View abstract. A randomized controlled trial. Naito J, Ohashi H, Ohno M, et al. Heringer, J., Boy, S. P., Ensenauer, R., Assmann, B., Zschocke, J., Harting, I., Lucke, T., Maier, E. M., Muhlhausen, C., Haege, G., Hoffmann, G. F., Burgard, P., and Kolker, S. Use of guidelines improves the neurological outcome in glutaric aciduria type I. Ann.Neurol. 2007;12 Suppl 1:43-51. Janiri, L., Martinotti, G., Tonioni, F., Ghelardini, C., Nicolai, R., Galeotti, N., Mosconi, L., Calvani, M., Bartolini, A., and Iannoni, E. Acetyl-L-carnitine in the management of pain during methadone withdrawal syndrome. View abstract. Rizzon, P., Biasco, G., Di Biase, M., Boscia, F., Rizzo, U., Minafra, F., Bortone, A., Siliprandi, N., Procopio, A., Bagiella, E., and . Therefore, vegetarians and vegans may want to consider L-carnitine supplements. Zhu Y, Xue C, Ou J, Xie Z, Deng J. Role of acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of cognitive deficit in chronic alcoholism. Chen N, Yang M, Zhou M, Xiao J, Guo J, He L. L-carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment. View abstract. Valproic acid overdose and L-carnitine therapy. Do not mix citicoline with levodopa, a medication used to treat Parkinson's disease, without talking to your doctor. 2007;18(8):533-540. Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. Lund, A. M., Joensen, F., Hougaard, D. M., Jensen, L. K., Christensen, E., Christensen, M., Norgaard-Petersen, B., Schwartz, M., and Skovby, F. Carnitine transporter and holocarboxylase synthetase deficiencies in The Faroe Islands. Plioplys AV, Plioplys S. Amantadine and L-carnitine treatment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. View abstract. Bull.Exp.Biol.Med. Med.Sci Monit. View abstract. Diabetes Nutr Metab Clin Exp 1992;5(3):175-181. View abstract. Propionyl-L-carnitine is likely to be safe when used under medical supervision. Available for Android and iOS devices. Torrioli, M. G., Vernacotola, S., Mariotti, P., Bianchi, E., Calvani, M., De Gaetano, A., Chiurazzi, P., and Neri, G. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of L-acetylcarnitine for the treatment of hyperactive behavior in fragile X syndrome. Wadman, R. I., Bosboom, W. M., van der Pol, W. L., van den Berg, L. H., Wokke, J. H., Iannaccone, S. T., and Vrancken, A. F. Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III. Lancet 5-12-1979;1(8124):1041-1042. View abstract. Acta Paediatr 1995;84:93-5. View abstract. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1995;15:9-15. Kamikawa, T., Suzuki, Y., Kobayashi, A., Hayashi, H., Masumura, Y., Nishihara, K., Abe, M., and Yamazaki, N. Effects of L-carnitine on exercise tolerance in patients with stable angina pectoris. View abstract. Desbree, A., Houdon, L., Touati, G., Djemili, S., Choker, G., and Flodrops, H. [EBV infection revealing a long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency in a 3-year-old boy]. Hamedi-Kalajahi F, Zarezadeh M, Mojtahedi SY, Shabbidar S, Fahimi D, Imani H. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile and apolipoproteins in children on hemodialysis: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. View abstract. A., and Barrington, K. J. [Reduction of hospitalization thanks to L-carnitine in hemodialyzed patients]. 2009;47(9):748-753. View abstract. Efficacy and safety of entecavir plus carnitine complex (GODEX) compared to entecavir monotherapy in patient with ALT elevated chronic hepatitis B: Milio, G., Novo, G., Genova, C., Luigi, Almasio P., Novo, S., and Pinto, A. Pharmacological treatment of patients with chronic critical limb ischemia: L-propionyl-carnitine enhances the short-term effects of PGE-1. 2010;66(2):127-136. View abstract. Pucciarelli, G., Mastursi, M., Latte, S., Sacra, C., Setaro, A., Lizzadro, A., and Nolfe, G. [The clinical and hemodynamic effects of propionyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of congestive heart failure]. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation in patients receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Another human study monitored L-carnitines effect on fat burning during a 90-minute stationary bicycle workout. 2010;48(5):503-510. Barditch-Crovo P, Toole J, Hendrix CW, et al. 2014 Feb;99(2):408-22. 2008;46(2):181-190. View abstract. View abstract. Heinonen OJ. Neuro.Endocrinol.Lett. Brain Dev. View abstract. View abstract. Passeri M, Cucinotta D, Bonati PA, et al. Z., and McIntyre, R. S. Acetyl-L-carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid: possible neurotherapeutic agents for mood disorders? Some animal studies suggest that the acetyl form, acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR), may help prevent age-related mental decline and improve markers of learning (30, 31). L-carnitine, ginseng, guarana, glucose, taurine, and more. 2011;21(6):485-491. Samimi M, Jamilian M, Ebrahimi FA, Rahimi M, Tajbakhsh B, Asemi Z. L-acetylcarnitine as a new therapeutic approach for peripheral neuropathies with pain. View abstract. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1991;17:225-35. Evangelista, M., Koverech, A., Messano, M., and Pescosolido, N. Comparison of three lubricant eye drop solutions in dry eye patients. 2010;44(7-8):1287-1293. The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals (2001): 2. View abstract. The highest concentrations are in high energy demand areas such as your brain, heart and muscles. Carnitine deficiency induced by pivampicillin and pivmecillinam therapy. Yet, there are a few known side effects that include agitation, insomnia and nausea. Herrmann, W. M., Dietrich, B., and Hiersemenzel, R. Pharmaco-electroencephalographic and clinical effects of the cholinergic substance--acetyl-L-carnitine--in patients with organic brain syndrome. Heuberger W, Berardi S, Jacky E, et al. View abstract. Clin Drug Investig. Carnitine supplementation in diphtheria. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2011;270(1):76-84. Rizos I. For most individuals, the nausea and vomiting will be relatively mild. Arch.Gerontol.Geriatr. View abstract. View abstract. Laevo-acetylcarnitine (Nicetile registered) treatment of senile depression. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. View abstract. View abstract. Am.J Gastroenterol. J Clin Lipidology 2012;6:150-158. It can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, stomach upset, heartburn, diarrhea, and seizures. View abstract. If you happen to feel nausea, next time just take this supplement with food or take a lesser dose. carnitine and glucose/thiamine. View abstract. Duranay, M., Akay, H., Yilmaz, F. M., Senes, M., Tekeli, N., and Yucel, D. Effects of L-carnitine infusions on inflammatory and nutritional markers in haemodialysis patients. J Inherit.Metab Dis 2009;32(4):488-497. Tarantini, G., Scrutinio, D., Bruzzi, P., Boni, L., Rizzon, P., and Iliceto, S. Metabolic treatment with L-carnitine in acute anterior ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Dragan, G. I., Vasiliu, A., Georgescu, E., and Dumas, I. J Child Neurol 1999;14:162-7. Zhonghua Xin.Xue.Guan.Bing.Za Zhi. Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33(7):1489-1492. It is made by your body and also available as a supplement. 2008;118(5):281-290. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2002;2(3):240-243. Sirtori, C. R., Calabresi, L., Ferrara, S., Pazzucconi, F., Bondioli, A., Baldassarre, D., Birreci, A., and Koverech, A. L-carnitine reduces plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in patients with hyper Lp(a). View abstract. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. Clin Exp.Immunol. Holme E, Greter J, Jacobson CE, et al. Can L-carnitine supplementation and exercise improve muscle complications in patients with liver cirrhosis who receive branched-chain amino acid supplementation? Ann Neurol 1988;24:301. View abstract. View abstract. Moncada ML, Vicari E, Cimino C, et al. Acetyl-l-carnitine: a pathogenesis based treatment for HIV-associated antiretroviral toxic neuropathy. View abstract. Taking your CoQ10 with food not only helps . I. Carnitine concentrations and lipid effects. Freeman JM, Vining EPG, Cost S, Singhi P. Does carnitine administration improve the symptoms attributed to anticonvulsant medications? View abstract. Int Urol Nephrol 2021;53(10):2149-2158. Tejani, A. M., Wasdell, M., Spiwak, R., Rowell, G., and Nathwani, S. Carnitine for fatigue in multiple sclerosis. A., Castillo, M., Rodrigo, J. M., Aparisi, L., Serra, M. A., Wassel, A., and Bixquert, M. Effect of L-carnitine upon ammonia tolerance test in cirrhotic patients. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 1988;12(6):555-562. View abstract. Graziano F, Renato B, Catalano V, and et al. View abstract. Taking L-carnitine by, High levels of cholesterol or other fats (lipids) in the blood (, Conditions in a male that prevent a female partner from. Nat.J.Andro. Eur.J Gastroenterol.Hepatol. Trivelli G, Vitali P Girmenia S Castelli F. Trattamento della dislipidemia dell'emodializzato con L-carnitina. Eur Heart J 1994;15(10):1348-1352. Life Sci 1996;59:1579-99. Nat Med. Eur.Rev.Med.Pharmacol Sci 2010;14(4):292-301. Helms, R. A., Whitington, P. F., Mauer, E. C., Catarau, E. M., Christensen, M. L., and Borum, P. R. Enhanced lipid utilization in infants receiving oral L-carnitine during long-term parenteral nutrition. View abstract. Valproate therapy does not deplete carnitine levels in otherwise healthy children. J Am Med Assoc 1999;282:2305-12. View abstract. Lancet 12-13-1980;2(8207):1309-1310. Cavallini G, Biagiotti G, Koverech A, Vitali G. Oral propionyl-l-carnitine and intraplaque verapamil in the therapy of advanced and resistant Peyronie's disease. View abstract. Clin Nutr 2012;31(2):176-182. Expert.Opin.Investig.Drugs 2008;17(6):827-843. Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. View abstract. View abstract. A long-term, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. View abstract. Doses of 2 grams or less per day seem to be well tolerated and safe for most people. The effect of oral supplementation with L-carnitine on maximum and submaximum exercise capacity. View abstract. Don't use CoQ10 if you're pregnant or breast-feeding without your doctor's approval. Bella R, Biondi R, Raffaele R, Pennisi G. Effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on geriatric patients suffering from dysthymic disorders. View abstract. Eur.Urol. However, this does not explain why insomnia actually occurs. View abstract. Fundam.Clin Pharmacol 2011;25(5):642-651. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Dal Negro, R., Turco, P., Pomari, C., and De Conti, F. Effects of L-carnitine on physical performance in chronic respiratory insufficiency. Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 5 Feb 2023), Cerner Multum (updated 22 Feb 2023), ASHP (updated 12 Feb 2023) and others. Arch.Pediatr 2012;19(2):184-193. Sangouni AA, Pakravanfar F, Ghadiri-Anari A, Nadjarzadeh A, Fallahzadeh H, Hosseinzadeh M. The effect of L-carnitine supplementation on insulin resistance, sex hormone-binding globulin and lipid profile in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Reprod Nutr Develop 1988;28:1317-27. Brevetti G, Chiariello M, Policicchio A, and et al. View abstract. 2006;29(2):100-107. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;610:285-308. View abstract. Socha, P., Horvath, A., Vajro, P., Dziechciarz, P., Dhawan, A., and Szajewska, H. Pharmacological interventions for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults and in children: a systematic review. 2018 Jun;20(3):285-290. L-Carnitine Tartrate Supplementation for 5 Weeks Improves Exercise Recovery in Men and Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. View abstract. Blood 1998;91:3817-24. View abstract. Genger, H., Enzelsberger, H., and Salzer, H. [Carnitine in therapy of placental insufficiency--initial experiences]. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. Kitano Y, Hashimoto S, Matsumoto H, et al. Spasov, A. View abstract. There are several effective supplements that can help you burn body fat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005;95(5-6):431-435. 7-14-2009;89(26):1858-1861. 2010;29(4):312-34. L-Carnosine is known as the ' longevity molecule'. View abstract. Paediatr Drugs. A placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial of the use of combined l-carnitine and l-acetyl-carnitine treatment in men with asthenozoospermia. Cruciani RA, Zhang JJ, Manola J, Cella D, Ansari B, Fisch MJ. View abstract. Biochem Pharmacol 2003;65:1483-8.. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. L-carnitine is best known as a fat burner, but the overall research is mixed. View abstract. Int.J Vitam.Nutr.Res. 1993;15(1):1-12. L carnitine side effects, safety, danger, caution, risks. View abstract. Carnitine and physical exercise. Efficacy of L-carnitine and propranolol in the management of acute theophylline toxicity. View abstract. Rajasekar, P., Palanisamy, N., and Anuradha, C. V. Increase in nitric oxide and reductions in blood pressure, protein kinase C beta II and oxidative stress by L-carnitine: a study in the fructose-fed hypertensive rat. 2010;13(2):145-147. Jpn J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989;20(3):607-618. View abstract. Genazzani, A. D., Lanzoni, C., Ricchieri, F., Santagni, S., Rattighieri, E., Chierchia, E., Monteleone, P., and Jasonni, V. M. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) administration positively affects reproductive axis in hypogonadotropic women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. View abstract. Borghi-Silva, A., Baldissera, V., Sampaio, L. M., Pires-DiLorenzo, V. A., Jamami, M., Demonte, A., Marchini, J. S., and Costa, D. L-carnitine as an ergogenic aid for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease submitted to whole-body and respiratory muscle training programs. View abstract. Effects of pre-transplant L-carnitine supplementation on primary graft dysfunction in liver transplant recipients: a pilot, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. In: Pagon, R. A., Bird, T. D., Dolan, C. R., Stephens, K., and Adam, M. P. GeneReviews [Internet]. J Inherit.Metab Dis 2008;31(3):361-367. 2007;41(3):224-230. View abstract. 2009;220(1):171-176. Analysis of the full dataset has . Urol.J 2010;7(3):188-193. Schiavoni, G., Lucente, M., Di Folca, A., Alessandri, N., Mongiardo, R., and Manzoli, U. Rolim LC, da Silva EM, Flumignan RL, Abreu MM, Dib SA. Arzneimittelforschung 1982;32(3):293-297. Supplements may also benefit those with lower levels, such as older adults, vegans and vegetarians. View abstract. Management and outcome in 75 individuals with long-chain fatty acid oxidation defects: results from a workshop. Jones, S., Reed, C. A., Vijay, S., Walter, J. H., and Morris, A. Bradycardia treatment depends on the underlying cause of the low resting heart rate but may also include the surgical placement of a pacemaker. Fathizadeh H, Milajerdi A, Reiner Z, Kolahdooz F, Asemi Z. Passeri, M., Iannuccelli, M., Ciotti, G., Bonati, P. A., Nolfe, G., and Cucinotta, D. Mental impairment in aging: selection of patients, methods of evaluation and therapeutic possibilities of acetyl-L-carnitine. View abstract. Reprod.Biomed.Online. 2010;106(4):296-301. Yet, there are a few known side effects that include agitation, insomnia and nausea. View abstract. 2013 Apr;98(4):1667-75. View abstract. View abstract. Effect of carni Q-gel (ubiquinol and carnitine) on cytokines in patients with heart failure in the Tishcon study. View abstract. View abstract. A., Hatfield, D. L., Vingren, J. L., Quann, E. E., Anderson, J. M., Maresh, C. M., and Kraemer, W. J. A double-blind randomized study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988;35(5):555-562. It plays a crucial role in the production of energy by transporting fatty acids into your cells' mitochondria ( 1, 2, 3 ). Jpn Heart J 1982;23(3):349-359. By Steve Blechman BREAKING NEWS! [RETRACTED]. Carnitine improves peripheral glucose disposal in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Pharmacokinetic comparisons of two acetyl-L-carnitine formulations in healthy Korean volunteers. Common side effects of L-Carnitine may include: stomach pain; nausea, vomiting; or diarrhea. Kaviani, M., Nourshahi, M., and Shokoohi, F. The effects of acute L-carnitine administration on ventilatory breakpoint and exercise performance during incremental exercise. View abstract. Corbucci, G. G., Melis, A., Piga, M., Marchionni, A., and Calvani, M. Influence of acetyl-carnitine on some mitochondrial enzymic activities in the human cerebral tissue in conditions of acute hypoxia. Fertil.Steril. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:125-30. Acta Paediatr 1996;85:446-9. View abstract. As a supplement, acetyl-L-carnitine is usually considered safe when taken as directed. View abstract. View abstract. It appears to be safe used on a short-term basis. View abstract. Liu Q, Garner P, Wang Y, Huang B, Smith H. Drugs and herbs given to prevent hepatotoxicity of tuberculosis therapy: systematic review of ingredients and evaluation studies. 2007;62(4):349-354. View abstract. Perrott, J., Murphy, N. G., and Zed, P. J. L-carnitine for acute valproic acid overdose: a systematic review of published cases. Br.J Clin Pharmacol 2007;64(3):335-345. View abstract. Effect of lysine, vitamin B(6), and carnitine supplementation on the lipid profile of male patients with hypertriglyceridemia: a 12-week, open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. L-Carnitine in the treatment of fatigue in adult celiac disease patients: a pilot study. In one study, 2 grams of acetyl-L-carnitine per day resulted in an almost 10-point drop in systolic blood pressure the top number of a blood pressure reading and an important indicator of heart health and disease risk (23). Gynecol.Oncol 2012;124(3):417-425. Follow your doctor's instructions about any restrictions on food, beverages, or activity. Effect of PLC on functional parameters and oxidative profile in type 2 diabetes-associated PAD. Jacoba KG, Abarquez RF, Topacio GO, and et al. These 11 healthy foods can help you burn fat. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1990;4:481-6. Cai, T., Wagenlehner, F. M., Mazzoli, S., Meacci, F., Mondaini, N., Nesi, G., Tiscione, D., Malossini, G., and Bartoletti, R. Semen quality in patients with Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection treated concurrently with prulifloxacin and a phytotherapeutic agent. View abstract. Kolker, S., Christensen, E., Leonard, J. V., Greenberg, C. R., Burlina, A. View abstract. Neurol.Sci 2010;31(1):61-64. Effect of L-carnitine on health-related quality of life in patients with liver cirrhosis. Ren Fail. View abstract. Roy, M. J., Dionne, S., Marx, G., Qureshi, I., Sarma, D., Levy, E., and Seidman, E. G. In vitro studies on the inhibition of colon cancer by butyrate and carnitine. 2008;111(2 Pt 2):522-524.