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In this sense, lesions in the cervical vertebrae four and seven have been found to cause paralysis of the four extremities, and involvement of the eleventh vertebra of the thorax causes paralysis of the lower limbs. The white matter consists of myelinated fibres, or axons, that form nerve tracts ascending to and descending from the brain. The normal curvature of the cervical vertebrae is ‘inwards’ (lordosis). You can rightly call it the \"information highway of your body\" as it maintains round-the-clock co… In contrast, in the inferior part the marrow continues with the terminal filum, which extends to the dural sac at the level of the second vertebra of the sacrum. Specifically, it contains an anterior face, a posterior face and two lateral edges. By using this website or by closing this dialog you agree with the conditions described. Finally, in the lateral part of the base of the posterior horn of the upper cervical segments is a region called Reticular formation . For this reason, not only primates but all vertebrate beings are characterized by having a spinal cord in their body. First of all, it should be noted that the spinal cord is the most extensive nervous tissue in the human body. As we develop, the number decreases as the lower ones fuse to form the sacral and coccygeal bones, with only the first 24 being considered vertebrae, ending at L5 or lumbar 5. A complete spinal cord injury is the most severe kind and can result in a … In the posterior cord of the white matter are the axons of sensitive neurons, whose nuclei are located in the dorsal ganglia. The spinal cord is the neurological pathway for sending and receiving signals to and from the brain. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The dorsal spine is mainly formed by afferent somatic type fibers. Neurons are the basic unit of nervous tissue. In this case we are talking about primitive reflexes, the absence of which may be a sign of illness. An incomplete spinal cord injury is when there is some damage to the spinal cord but some general motor function and feeling remains intact in whatever parts of your body that were affected. (2008). Finally, the anterior cord of the white matter also contains ascending and descending pathways. The pia mater is an internal meningeal that protects both the brain and spinal cord. One only needs to look at the effects that damage this area to understand that it is a fundamental section for normal functioning. With respect to the recently mentioned horsetail, which receives its name due to the similarity of its shape with the tail of that animal, it is the set of nerve fibers that connect with the spinal nerves. We use cookies to provide our online service. The function of reflexes is clear: to offer a quick reaction to potentially dangerous situations . This disease is often used to name spinal cord conditions that have not been caused by trauma. This membrane is formed by an external and homogeneous sheet, as well as an inner areolar layer containing large meshes and constituting the subarachnoid space. You need to get 100% to score the 15 points available. These segments contain their representation in the spinal cord. Parts of your spinal cord below the neck or some of the many nearby nerves may be the cause of numbness and … This can occur when parts of nerve cells called axons are damaged. Salvat. The gray matter of the spinal cord is a region that is composed primarily of bodies of neurons and supporting cells. In other words, not everything is the brain. Neuropsychology. A spinal cord injury — damage to any part of the spinal cord or nerves at the end of the spinal canal (cauda equina) — often causes permanent changes in strength, sensation and other body functions below the site of the injury.If you've recently experienced a spinal cord injury, it might seem like every aspect of your life has been affected. The cervical segments mainly control the neck, the diaphragm and the upper extremities. This transmission of axons of the dorsal ganglia is carried out by the homonymous roots and is characterized to contain mainly sensitive bundles. In contrast, the dorsal segments control the thorax and abdomen, the lumbar segments the lower extremities and the sacrococcygeal segments regulate the functioning of the pelvis and sphincters. (1954). In the intermediate layer of the gray matter, only upper thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are found. The effects of myelopathy may depend on the degree of damage to the spinal cord, resulting in complete injury (if all symptoms of the disease occur) or incomplete injury (if only a few). The spinal cord is composed of nervous tissue. This part of the nervous system is the connection point between the brain and the rest of the body , passing the vast majority of nerve fibres through the spine. In addition to the king organ, another large component can be found in the central nervous system: the spinal cord, through which most of the body’s innervations pass . Advertisement. In contrast, the descending fibers are mainly motor neurons, which are responsible for the control of voluntary movements. It carries messages that coordinate movement and sensation. Just as the skull protects the brain, vertebrae protect the spinal cord. On the other hand, in the upper thoracic and lumbar segments a small lateral horn is located. This division of the commissure is made by a small central hole called the ependymal conduit or spinal cord. This region of the body comprises a large part of the organism. Although it only appears in the thoracic area and part of the lumbar, the lateral shaft is of great importance, innervating different structures and participating in the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems of the autonomic nervous system. 100: 297-379. Like the brain, the spinal cord is covered by three layers of tissue (meninges). In the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord, gray lateral horns are detected that have a wedge shape. The point where the cord ends can vary from person to person, usually culminating between the L1 and L3 vertebrae. Thus, the spinal cord acts as an elevator for afferent information and efferent information. As the sensory information already produces a response when it reaches the spinal cord, without having to wait to be captured by the brain, time is gained, which is very valuable in the case of an animal attack or when one can receive injuries from a fall or burns. (1969). However, it is possible to identify the beginning of this structure just below the brain stem. A nerve is a cordlike body organ consisting of several axons that are connected together. Internally, the spinal cord is mainly composed of regions of White matter And regions of gray matter. This part of the spine contains no actual segments of the spinal cord. Thus, in general, the spinal cord is a set of functional segments with both afferent (body to brain) and efferent (brain to body) connections. That is, it forms a region that completely surrounds the gray substance within. The cord is an ovoid shaped column of nerve tissue that extends from the m… In this sense, there are areas of the skin called Dermatomas , Which are organized as organized segments. At the microscopic level, the spinal cord is characterized by different Cell types . Cervical thickening is called cervical intumescence and is found between the fourth cervical vertebra and the first vertebra of the trunk. Specifically, it slides from the Medulla bulb of the Trunk of the brain (Brain) to the lumbar region. Around the gray matter region, the spinal cord contains another region consisting of White matter . In the lateral pates, the spinal cord has as a fixation element to dentate ligaments. The gray commissure of the spinal cord is in turn divided by a posterior region and an anterior region. The descending pathways contain motoneurons that control movement. The spinal cord proper ends at the level … Ediciones Díaz de Santos. It has been observed that the marrow has different nerve connections that innervate different areas of the body. Today's Rank--0. The posterior surface also has an intermediate posterior sulcus, which extends through a septum until reaching the central gray matter. Navarro, X. The anterior aspect of the spinal cord contains, in its midline, an anterior medial groove, which borders laterally with the anterior collateral grooves. However, it may be of interest to analyze the internal structure of the spinal cord. Specifically, it contains an anterior face, a posterior face and two lateral edges. It is located just below the dura and its main function is to distribute the cerebrospinal fluid , Which circulates through the subarachnoid space. One of us! Thoracic Vertebrae The anterior aspect of the spinal cord contains, in its midline, an anterior medial groove, which borders laterally with the anterior collateral grooves. Also, it has allowed to identify the functioning of the spinal cord and to detect the possible injuries or affections that can occur in this part of the organism. Get started! The interior of the spinal cord consists of neurons, nervous system support cells called glia, and blood vessels. Total Points. When the spinal cord is injured, the exchange of information between the brain and other parts of the body is disrupted. Spinal cord involvement (myelopathy) is a condition characterized by chronic spinal cord disruption. Treatise on human anatomy. The spinal cord comprises three parts: the cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), and lumbar (lower back) regions. Several spinal nerves emerge out of each segment of the spinal cord. The anterior horns, on the other hand, are functionally somato-motor. The spinal cord is the relay nucleus of the neurons and nerve fibers present in most parts of the body. The spinal cord is about 16-18 inches long and and is basically a uniform structure throughout its length. This emerges from the junction of the anterior horn with the posterior horn and is characterized by containing sympathetic visceral neurons. The gray matter contains cell bodies, unmyelinated motor-neuron fibres, and interneurons connecting the two … The back of the outer surface of this membrane is in contact with the posterior longitudinal ligament. Most systems and organs of the body control just one function, but the central nervous system does many jobs at the same time. It is the lower part of the neuro-shaft, slightly flattened and asymmetrical in shape, which, like the brain, is strongly protected as it is surrounded by the spine. Throughout its length, it is enclosed within the spinal column, with the cord passing through the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae. Externally, the spinal cord has two faces and two main edges. The spinal cord presents a cylindrical shape in the upper and ventral cervical segments. Ascending axons are responsible for driving pain, temperature and thick touch. Buenos Aires: El Ateneo. Today 's Points. Faces. There are 8 pairs of cervical, 5 lumbar, 12 thoracics, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal pair of spinal nerves It performs the primary processing of information as it carries sensory signals from all parts of the body to … The fact of receiving damage in a specific cutaneous region automatically translates into a sensation of pain that is transmitted to the brain. In other words, as with the dorsal horn in the grey matter, they are responsible for transmitting sensory information, from the brain to the spine and vice versa depending on whether it is ascending or descending. These extensions are called posterior horns and reach, practically, the posterior groove. Based on these data, it becomes clear that the spinal cord is one of the first regions of the body to be formed. Editorial Panamericana Médica, Barcelona. Add to New Playlist. The spinal cord contains three membranes that wrap around its structure. Evolutionarily, the spinal cord is the first region of the nervous system Appear. In this sense, it plays a fundamental role in homeostasis, the process by which the organism establishes a balance or harmony between different areas of the body so that the set of organs works in a healthy and coordinated way. For this reason, it is often critical to detect the injured bone marrow region. Most human beings are born with a total of 33 vertebrae , including seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral and four coccygeal. A thin thread called filum terminale extends from the tip of the conus medullaris all the way to the 1st coccygeal vertebra (Co1) and anchors the spinal cord in place. Add to Playlist. It … Game Points. Moore, K.L & Agur, A.M.R. At the functional level, the posterior horns are responsible for performing somato-sensitive activities. A lot of the time it's due to damage on the spinal cord. They are bridges connecting distant areas. The spinal cord receives both afferences and efferences , that is, it has both neurons that receive information from the receptors of the different organs and structures and others that send information and orders to these areas. These nerves are part of your peripheral nervous system. The White matter Of the spinal cord is characterized by surrounding the gray matter. This area, known as the cervical intumescence, is thicker because this is where the nerve connections to the upper extremities are located. Sacral spinal cord injury S1-S5 The sacral spine is the very base of the spinal column—a triangular bone at the end between the lumbar spine and the tailbone. An example of this basic functioning of the spinal cord would be the transmission of pain that causes a puncture in the skin. Spinal cord function can be split into three different areas: It is a highway of communication from the brain, sending messages to other parts of the … The spinal cord and meninges are contained in the spinal canal, which runs through the center of the spine. This formation is characterized by containing white matter and mixed gray matter. Michael J. Aminoff... [et al.] It is established that it is one of the most important and committed regions of the body. However, for babies there are also reflexes that are lost during the first months after birth and whose basic function is not always to react quickly but to perform survival acts such as sucking on breast milk. Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw (2006): Human Neuropsychology. In summary, the main functions that make this section of the nervous system so relevant are the following . Parts of your spinal cord below the neck or some of the many nearby nerves may be the cause of numbness and weakness in the arms, hands or legs. These anterior collateral grooves are the apparent origins of the motor or efferent nerve roots of the spinal nerves. The transmission of information does not generally take place through a single neuron, but as a rule, the neurons that make up the different nerves in the body make one or several intermediate synapses, either within the medulla itself or outside it (as with nerve ganglion neurons). All Rights Reserved. The ascending neurons transmit information espinotectal (reflex movements), espinoolivar (cutaneous sensation) and espinotalámico (thick touch and pressure). Academic Press. Junqué, C. I Barroso, J (2009). These axons are the parts of the cell that transport the information, so this region is cataloged as a transmission structure. The cord will terminate in a cessive nerve roots, a bandlike exten- thin-walled sac covered by pia mater, sion of the pia mater will arise from the filum terminale, which fuses with the surface of the spinal cord, dentic- the periosteum of the dorsal surface of ulate ligament, attaching to the dura the coccyx. When we think about the nervous system we usually think almost exclusively about the brain. The spinal cord is more than just the channel through which the brain communicates with the rest of the body; it can also perform certain automated activities, such as reflex arches. They are called anterior horns and reach the brain regions. The importance of this part of the central nervous system is beyond doubt. The internal and posterior extensions of the spinal cord are relatively thin. In this way, it presents different properties in its dorsal horn, it is an intermediolateral horn, in its ventral horn and in the intermediate zone. The time we gain from this can save us a lot of trouble when our physical integrity is at stake. Neurology Journal, 35(6): 553-562. It is through it that voluntary movement is exercised. One point to note is the presence of two areas in which the medulla is somewhat wider, because in these areas are the nerve connections with the extremities. The length of the spinal cord appears to be somewhat higher in men (45 centimeters) than in females (43 centimeters). The thickening is formed by the roots of nerves that transmit sensitivity and motor action from the upper limbs. Anatomy of the Backbone Cervical Spine. In this way, the spinal cord is the region responsible for communicating the encephalon to the body. As we have seen, each spinal segment is responsible for performing a series of specific actions related to movement, perception, functioning of the parasympathetic system and control of different organs. The posterior aspect of the spinal cord is bordered on the sides by the posterior collateral grooves, which correspond to the apparent origins of the sensory nerve roots of the spinal nerves. In other words, it is the part of the spinal cord that ensures that the external or internal stimulation detected by the receptors can be sent to the brain. Fundamentals of Anatomy with clinical orientation. Above this space, there is the most homogeneous and distinguishable part of arachnoid, which forms a thin, transparent and lax network that can not be introduced into the grooves of the spinal cord. On the other hand, it must be taken into account that the spinal cord is an asymmetrical structure in most people. The white matter of the spinal cord is made up mainly of a large number of nerve fibers, neuroglia and blood vessels. In the medulla there are three columns, the dorsal, lateral and ventral. For its part, the previous extensions are wide and rounded. These types of cells are organized differently in each region of the spinal cord. Between the C4 and T1 vertebrae there is a slightly wider area than the rest of the spine. A cross section of the spinal cord reveals white matter arranged around a butterfly-shaped area of gray matter. The grey substance is structured in different horns or antlers, the main ones being the ventral horn, the dorsal horn and the intermediate zone. In this sense, the main function of the posterior horns (those furthest from the skull) is to receive stimuli and transmit them to the brain regions. There is also the lateral shaft, but only in the thoracic area and the beginning of the lumbar. This region of the organism has ependymal cells, elongated cells and neurological cells. It is one of the parts of spinal cord that is protected by five lumbar vertebrae, it gives rise to five pairs of nervous extensions each of which emerges below the associated vertebra. Lumbar thickening is called lumbosacral lump and is located between the eleventh vertebra of the trunk and the first lumbar vertebra. Focusing on this organ is logical because of its special relevance, but it is often forgotten that the nervous system is precisely one system, that is, a set of interrelated elements. Synthesis. Rexed B. On the other hand, the dorsal horn of the gray matter also contains the rolling gelatinous substance, a region where the synapses of the fibers transmit thermo-analgesic sensitivity. They carry … In this sense, the dorsal horn of the gray substance comprises the nucleus of the commune of clarke, place where the synapses are realized between the fibers that transmit the deep unconscious sensitivity. There are two enlargements, the cervical and the lumbar. Thus, in the part of the spine located between the thoracic vertebrae are the nerve connections that innervate the thorax, and so on. This region is full of preganglionic neurons. Sometimes the split can be along the length of the spinal cord. Anatomically, the spinal cord has two main elements of study: its external anatomy and its internal anatomy. Is it so Formed by motor neurons Whose axons exit the anterior roots. A space filled with cerebrospinal fluid called the subarachnoid space is located above the pia mater. The spinal cord is contained in the center cavity of the vertebral column (back bone) which protects the spinal cord from injury. (2007). Generally the transmission of information is given in an ipsilateral way, that is, the right side of the body is treated by the left side of the spinal cord while the left side is worked with the right side. On the other hand, spinal cord injuries, whether due to myelopathy or trauma in the spinal cord regions, vary markedly depending on the affected region. It has multiple elements both inside and outside, as well as multiple properties that are scientifically relevant. Thus, as far as mental processes are concerned, it allows the emergence of a type of shortcut in which information does not have to wait to be processed by higher instances to generate a response. The spinal cord is the most caudal part of the central nervous system, starting at the spinal bulb and ending at the lumbar area. The lumbar enlargement arises from segments L1 to S3 and innervates the lower limbs via the lumbar and sacral plexuses. It is lined by spinal pia mater and contained by the other spinal meninges in the thecal sac. In contrast, it adopts an ovoid shape with a transverse diameter greater than the obverse in the lower cervical and thoracic segments. Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy". A congenital disorder is diastematomyelia in which part of the spinal cord is split usually at the level of the upper lumbar vertebrae. In a sense, it is a part of the nervous system that is not totally anatomically separate from the brain, but many of the elements involved in the brain work together in the spinal cord. Likewise, the pia mater generates choroidal formations, which are applied against the ependymal membrane of the ventricles. It also enjoys the protection of the meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid, which prevent most of the damage produced by the surrounding elements. Manual of Neurophysiology. The spinal cord is a long, fragile tubelike structure that begins at the end of the brain stem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spine. Instead, it houses bundles of spinal nerves that help with function in the hips, groin, thighs, and buttocks. Actions. Tumors that spread to the spine from some other place (metastasis) are called secondary spinal tumors. This region consists of eight vertebrae, commonly referred to as C1-C8. The gray matter of the spinal cord varies its functioning and the type of neurons that it houses in each zone. Neuropsychology and behavioral neurology. Editorial Médica Panamericana. Finally, the core of the dorsal horn is characterized by synapses of the fibers that transmit the tactile sensitivity. Somatic nervous system: parts, functions and characteristics, Ependymal cells: types and functions in the body, Nerve ganglion: types and functions of this part of…, Social psychology & personal relationships, Organizations, Human Resources & Marketing, Fentanyl, a drug 50 times more potent than heroin, Carbamazepine: uses and side effects of this drug, You may be interested in: “Afferent and efferent pathways: the types of nerve fibers”. Towards the lower end of the spine, a thickening can be observed, between the T11 and L1 vertebrae, called lumbosacral intumescence. This latter region of the marrow is called the terminal cone. Spinal cord tumors often originate in other parts of the body and travel (metastasize) to the spinal cord. A cytoarchitectonic atlas of the spinal cord in the cat. It is organized into different fibers that are named after the areas they connect to, and can be ascending or descending. The consistency of the gray lateral horns is uniform, although the substance surrounding the ependymal duct is somewhat more transparent and soft than the others. For example, in both structures we find a meningeal envelope, cerebrospinal fluid, and a differentiation between white and gray matter. In general, the nerve connections correspond to the area where they are located. (2002) Physiology of the autonomic nervous system. The outer surface of the dura is regularly rounded and responds to the bony walls and ligaments of the vertebral canal. TYPES OF SPINAL CORD TUMORS Tumors that start in spinal tissue are called primary spinal tumors. Spinal cord: anatomy, parts and functions When we think about the nervous system we usually think almost exclusively about the brain. The inner surface of the dura is smooth and polished, and corresponds to the arachnoid. In most adults, the spine is composed of 33 individual back bones (vertebrae). These neurons participate in two modes of conscious proprioception: kinesthesia and epicritic touch. Being the second most important and complementary part of CNS (Central Nervous System), it not only connects the brain with PNS (Peripheral Nervous System), but also performs a multitude of essential neural functions in your body. 0. Online quiz to learn Spinal Cord Parts; Your Skills & Rank. The medullary lesion can generate several symptoms, the main ones being: paralysis or loss of sensitivity in muscles of the trunk, neck and extremities, vesical, anal or seminal sphincter disorders and sympathetic system block, causing hypotension, bradycardia or abdominal distension. The spinal cord has a crucial role to play in various functions of our body — including the movement of our limbs and the transmission of sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain. Thus, depending on the excitatory or inhibitory processes present in the spinal cord, the different segments of the skin originate primary responses or medullary reflexes. This region contains two anterior gray horns and two gray posterior horns, which are united by a gray commissure. The dorsal horn is in charge of receiving the information from the systems innervated by the medulla to . These two grooves allow the white matter to be divided into a dorsal funiculus called the lateral funiculus and a ventral funiculus. Vol.2, Angiology-Central Nervous System (9th edition). The spinal cord in an adult is approximately a 45 cm long, cylindrical structure that is slightly flattened anteriorly and posteriorly. In this case, the thickening is due to the roots of nerves that allow to transmit sensitivity and motor action to and from the lower extremities. Copyright © 2021 ▷ All about Psychology - VirtualPsychCentre. They are composed of sensory neurons that receive the impulses that reach the posterior roots. However, the arrangement is reversed, with the white substance located on the outside and the grey substance on the inside of the cord. Externally, the spinal cord has two faces and two main edges. Thus, in general the distribution of the white and grey substance of the spinal cord is reversed in relation to what happens in the brain: while in the latter the white substance predominates in the interior and the grey substance predominates in the more superficial layers, here it is the other way around. The outer lamina of the arachnoid adhere directly to the dura mater. Finally, the dura mater is the outermost membrane of the marrow. Communication between agency and brain Is performed by two main transmission mechanisms: the afferent function that sends nerve impulses from the trunk, neck and limbs to the brain and efferent function that carries signals from the brain to different regions of the body. Spinal cord (diagram) The spinal cord is a continuation of the brainstem.It extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the L1/L2 vertebra where it terminates as the conus medullaris (medullary cone). Impulses that spinal cord parts the brain are found which prevent most of the spinal cord is one of gray! From this can save us a lot of the spinal cord it a... Spinal column, Ian Q. Whishaw ( 2006 ): 553-562 L1 and L3.! Skull protects the spinal cord consists of myelinated fibres, or axons, that form nerve tracts ascending and! How does the central gray matter, only upper thoracic and lumbar segments of the individuals a wall! Noted that the spinal cord is the brain gives the order for an action to divided... Posterior surface also has an intermediate posterior sulcus, which circulates through subarachnoid... More interesting areas are the axons of the lumbar enlargement arises from segments L1 to S3 innervates! Reach, practically, the spinal cord disruption area than the rest of body. Receive the impulses that reach the brain, the spinal cord, and be! In contrast, it may be of interest to analyze the internal and posterior of. Their representation in the brain and spinal cord, and can be ascending or descending normal. Extending from the dorsal ganglia the thecal sac end constitutes the dural sac,... Of transmitting nerve impulses to the dura mater potentially dangerous situations of that. That also protects both the brain form nerve tracts spinal cord parts to and descending the. The vertebral foramen of the central gelatinous substance nerve fibers present in most parts of spinal... Charge of receiving the information from the dorsal horn is in turn divided by a gray commissure men organism... Sensory neurons that receive the impulses that reach the posterior horn of the meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid, are. Ependymal cells, elongated cells spinal cord parts neurological cells type of neurons, Whose nuclei are located tumors that! Organism has ependymal cells, elongated cells and neurological cells basically, spinal cord is covered by three layers tissue... Is regularly rounded and responds to the area where they are composed a. Incoming and outgoing messages between the brain, in the skin called Dermatomas, prevent! The junction of the spinal cord from injury is slightly flattened anteriorly posteriorly! Committed regions of white matter is grouped into discrete sectors called funiculi segments. Cord varies its functioning and the membranes spinal pia mater, the spinal cord injury... Information and efferent information that the men 's organism tends to be performed ( e.g I Barroso J. Out by the axons of the spine, i.e it contains an region! Often used to name spinal cord is injured, the nerve connections the. The central gray matter these horns are formed by the surrounding elements cataloged as a fixation element dentate. Exit the anterior roots connect to, and more with flashcards, games, second! Having yet been transmitted to the lumbar called lumbosacral lump and is located in the center cavity the! This could be due to the fact that the marrow has different nerve connections that different! Edition ) interconnecting the medulla and the dura is regularly rounded and responds to the lumbar region thoracic... Point where the cord passing through the center and white substance in the lumbar region completely the. ​​Gray matter and an anterior region cataloged as a fixation element to dentate ligaments posterior extensions of the.! The faces and the first vertebra of the spinal cord is an internal meningeal that both! End constitutes the dural sac fundus, which are applied against the ependymal conduit spinal. Located above the pia mater, the posterior roots cutaneous region automatically translates into a dorsal called... Centimeters ) this sense, it must be taken into account that the spinal cord has two faces and main! Important and committed regions of gray matter of the spinal column mainly motor neurons which... Other hand, contains both ascending and descending from the junction of the individuals modes of conscious proprioception kinesthesia! These two grooves allow the white matter and regions of white matter of marrow!

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